Wednesday, February 11, 2026

Agentic AI in Radiology Today. Insights for Pathology Tomorrow.

In quick succession, I ran across three papers on LINKED IN on Radiology & Agentic AI.

I asked Chat GPT for a detailed summary.   

Then, knowing that radiology AI is often 3-5 years ahead of pathology AI, I asked for projects from THIS work towards pathology (cf in particular digital pathology & genomics).

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2026 Radiology Agentic Articles in Discussion (Plus View of Pathology)

 

You’re already using something that sits on the “agentic” spectrum: an LLM that plans, calls tools, iterates, and persists context to finish multi-step work (your examples: complex Medicare table work, multi-source company diligence, even finding a specific page in a calendar PDF). The radiology literature is basically trying to (1) define that capability precisely, (2) map where it fits in real radiology workflows, and (3) draw safety/implementation boundaries so it doesn’t become a flashy demo that breaks the moment it touches PACS/RIS/EHR and liability.

Below is a detailed, paper-by-paper walk-through, plus how it maps to your digital pathology instincts.

Tuesday, February 10, 2026

Journal Club for: OIG 2024 Annual CLFS Spend Report (January 2026)



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You've got the full OIG PDF for 2024. Entry point here.

Please describe it in essay form (not bullet form) in detail as if it were a journal club presentation but in book chapter format. Explain what oIG did, and why, and what they found. What seemed of interest to them. But then go beneath the hood, or between the lines What, if anything, can you say justifiably about what oIG really thinks or might go next? For example, they're quite subtle about fraud, but there's a lot. Codes like 81408 appear as highest national codes for a year or two and then plummet to zero as fraud is closed off (perhaps after a billion dollar gusher). this year codes like 88799 and 81419 skyrocket in dollar volume inexplicably - unless the explication is "fraud." In fact, all these codes, 81408, 81419, etc, are perpetually billed by and paid to fly by night fraud labs in Texas and florida, apparently because those two MACs are way, way, stupider than the other MACs. OIG knows more than they let on but do we ever see a peek?

Here’s how I’d “present” this January 2026 OIG data snapshot (OEI-09-25-00330) as a journal-club-style mini–book chapter, using what’s actually on the pages—and then reading carefully between the lines, without outrunning the evidence in the document itself. 

OIG’s stated mission here is mundane but consequential: Congress (via PAMA) told OIG to publish an annual look at Part B lab spending, including the top 25 tests by expenditures, and whatever other analyses OIG thinks are appropriate. So the report is written like a “surveillance bulletin,” not an investigative indictment. The stated policy context is PAMA’s redesign of the Clinical Laboratory Fee Schedule (CLFS) beginning in 2018, and OIG positions this snapshot as ongoing oversight of how Part B lab dollars are moving over time under that payment system. 

Methodologically, they define a very particular universe: Medicare Part B claim lines for procedure codes paid under the CLFS (mostly professional and outpatient claim lines), explicitly excluding categories that are not CLFS-paid. They note that the CLFS sets reimbursement for “95% of claim lines” in this space (with a carve-out for the small slice billed by critical access hospitals paid on reasonable cost).

 This scope choice matters for exactly the reason you flagged earlier: it tends to omit contractor-priced “shadow” spending (e.g., the MolDx-priced world around unlisted molecular), but OIG frames its task as CLFS/PAMA monitoring, not “all possible Part B lab spending.”

The report’s headline finding is that 2024 Part B lab spending rose to $8.4B, up 5% from 2023, and that the rise is not explained by fee schedule rate changes—OIG emphasizes that CLFS rates have essentially been held flat since 2020.

 Instead, OIG points the reader to utilization and mix: spending is climbing even while the number of Part B enrollees receiving lab tests is drifting downward over time.

 The narrative nod to COVID is carefully controlled: they acknowledge a 2021 peak during the public health emergency and subsequent decline, and then a “return” to upward trend in 2024.

  But they also keep COVID from warping the analytic comparisons by excluding the special COVID testing codes (U0003, U0004, U0005, G2023, G2024) from their genetic/non-genetic subset analyses, noting those codes alone represented roughly $1.2–$1.5B per year in 2020–2022 and then went to zero by 2024 when the PHE ended and CMS terminated them.

  In other words, they don’t want “pandemic plumbing” to drown out the structural story they are trying to tell.

Monday, February 9, 2026

Johnson (RNA world) and LabCorp 2026 (saturation and friction): Put them together

In adjacent blogs today, I wrote about JOHNSON (RNA world emerging in clinical oncology) and about LABCORP 2026, a 35 page white paper on how friction and complexity may saturate clinical oncology.

Put them together, what do you get?

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AI CORNER

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What happens bringing JOHNSON (RNA boom) into the clinic level vision of LabCorp 2026 (complexity and friction and saturation?)

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This is a very sharp question, and you’re right to sense tension rather than simple alignment. The Johnson et al. “actionable transcriptome” vision and the Labcorp Pulse of Oncology report are not in conflict, but they are operating at different layers of the oncology stack—and RNA-omics absolutely risks amplifying several of the frictions Labcorp identifies unless the system around it changes.

Let me walk through this in paragraph form, conceptually rather than defensively.


Two documents, two vantage points

Johnson et al. are writing from the molecular frontier inward. Their core claim is that DNA-only precision oncology is leaving actionable biology on the table and that RNA sequencing—by capturing fusions, expression, splice variants, immune signatures, surfacesome targets, and pathway activation—can meaningfully expand the therapeutic search space. They explicitly argue that RNA-seq is now technically mature enough, cost-effective enough, and robust enough for routine use, even in FFPE samples, and they present a structured framework to operationalize what they call the “actionable transcriptome” .

Labcorp, by contrast, is writing from the clinic outward. Their report is not asking “what biology are we missing?” but rather “what makes oncology care hard today?” The dominant answers are time pressure, payer friction, digital fragmentation, interpretive overload, and burnout. Innovation is welcomed, but only insofar as it reduces friction rather than adding to it.

Put bluntly: Johnson et al. assume a system capable of absorbing more complexity; Labcorp documents a system already near cognitive and operational saturation.


Where RNA-omics directly collides with Labcorp’s pain points

RNA-omics does not just add signal; it adds dimensions. Johnson et al. are admirably explicit about this: RNA-seq produces multiple new classes of actionable findings—expression outliers, pan-cancer percentile comparisons, multigene signatures, immune microenvironment states, and putative drug sensitivities inferred from transcriptional programs rather than mutations. Each of these requires interpretation rules, thresholds, comparators, and confidence judgments, many of which the authors acknowledge are not yet standardized .

That lands squarely on the Labcorp problem list.

Labcorp’s oncologists already report that report clarity and interpretability are limiting factors, even for today’s DNA-centric panels. RNA-based results are inherently more probabilistic and contextual. A MET amplification is easier to explain than “MET mRNA expression in the 85th pan-cancer percentile but only the 60th percentile within tumor type X.” Johnson et al. treat this nuance as an opportunity; Labcorp’s clinicians experience it as friction unless heavily mediated.

Similarly, Labcorp emphasizes turnaround time as a moral and clinical issue. Johnson et al. note that RNA-seq turnaround times of “a few weeks” are now feasible and reasonable —which is true in an academic sense, but from the Labcorp vantage point, weeks already feels borderline when oncologists are trying to initiate therapy quickly, manage anxious patients, and navigate payer clocks.

Finally, RNA-omics magnifies payer and access friction. Many RNA-derived findings point to off-label therapies, investigational ADCs, or trial eligibility rather than clean FDA-labeled indications. Labcorp’s report makes clear that insurance coverage—not scientific plausibility—is the gating factor for test adoption. RNA-omics expands the action space precisely where reimbursement certainty is weakest.


Where the visions actually align more than they appear

Despite all that, the two documents converge in an important, non-obvious way.

Johnson et al. repeatedly emphasize that RNA-seq should not be delivered as raw data, but as a curated, framework-driven output integrated with DNA, IHC, and clinical context. They spend an enormous amount of ink on defining thresholds, benchmarks, and reporting logic because they recognize that uninterpreted transcriptomics would be unusable in routine practice .

That is exactly what Labcorp is asking for—though from the opposite direction. Labcorp’s oncologists are not anti-innovation; they are anti-friction. If RNA-omics arrives as “more portals, longer reports, more uncertainty, more prior auths,” it will be resisted. If it arrives as fewer tests, fewer sequential reflexes, clearer prioritization, and faster convergence on therapy, it becomes aligned with Labcorp’s thesis.

In other words, RNA-omics only fits the Labcorp world if it collapses complexity upstream, not downstream.


The real risk: knowledge expansion without workflow compression

Your instinct is exactly right: RNA-omics threatens to increase both knowledge burden and system friction simultaneously if implemented naïvely. Johnson et al. are intellectually honest about how much judgment remains unresolved—what expression level is “high,” which comparator matters, when RNA should override DNA, and how pan-cancer benchmarks should be operationalized. Those are not small details; they are the difference between a usable test and a paralyzing one.

Labcorp’s report suggests that oncology is no longer bottlenecked by discovery but by translation bandwidth. RNA-omics expands discovery. Unless paired with automated interpretation, standardized reporting, payer-aware decision support, and strong clinical narratives, it risks worsening exactly the pressures Labcorp documents: time scarcity, cognitive overload, and burnout.


A synthesis you could say out loud at journal club

If you wanted a single framing sentence for discussion, it might be this:

Johnson et al. describe the biology oncology could act on if unconstrained; Labcorp describes the clinical system that must absorb it. RNA-omics is not in conflict with today’s oncology reality—but without radical compression of interpretation and workflow, it will stress the system more than it helps it.

That is not bad news for RNA-omics. It is a design constraint.

And it points to where the real innovation frontier is shifting: not in generating richer transcriptomes, but in deciding which RNA signals deserve to reach the oncologist at all—and in what form.

Journal Club: LabCorp's 35-page Oncology Survey

LabCorp 35 page report

January 2026



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Overview: what kind of report this is

The 2026 Pulse of the Oncologist report is not a hypothesis-driven clinical study but a practice-level diagnostic of modern oncology, produced by Labcorp to surface friction points in real-world cancer care and align them with diagnostic, digital, and service opportunities. Rather than asking whether a specific technology improves outcomes, the report asks a more upstream question: what actually slows oncologists down, complicates decision-making, or limits patient access in daily practice? Its findings are therefore best understood as systems intelligence, grounded in clinician perception and workflow realities, not clinical endpoints.

Methodologically, the report uses a mixed-methods design. Labcorp surveyed 152 practicing U.S. oncologists, spanning community practices, academic medical centers, and integrated systems, and representing multiple oncology subspecialties. These quantitative findings were supplemented by in-depth qualitative interviews and market analysis, with direct clinician quotations embedded throughout to anchor statistics in lived experience . The authors are transparent that this is perception-based data; for example, certain terms (notably “comprehensive genomic profiling”) were not rigidly defined, and results are meant to be interpreted directionally rather than as precise comparative rankings.

The report is structured around five major “trends,” each following the same arc: a real-world problem described by oncologists, supporting survey data, and an explicit “opportunity” section that frames how diagnostic partners—implicitly large national labs—could help reduce friction. This repeated structure is important: it signals that the report is not only descriptive, but also strategic.

Journal Club; 2026 Nat Rev Clin Onc JOHNSON on RNA Comes of Age

 


Authors' Abstract (Johnson et al)

Comprehensive, multiplexed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) is increasingly being incorporated into molecular tumour-profiling assays owing to overall cost-effectiveness related to enhanced detection of clinically actionable biomarkers. RNA-seq assays are now quite robust, with turnaround times of a few weeks and reasonable costs that support integration into routine clinical workflows. In this Perspective, we propose a framework for incorporating RNA levels and other RNA-seq data into precision oncology that considers RNA levels of oncogenes, tumour suppressors and diverse therapeutic targets, as well as multigene diagnostic, prognostic and predictive signatures; chimeric gene fusion transcripts; splice variants; RNA-based variant and/or mutation calling; and oncoviral gene expression; among other factors. Additionally, we provide a list of genes representing the current actionable transcriptome focused on the predictive utility of RNA-level overexpression of oncogenes and underexpression of tumour-suppressor genes. This list also includes cell-surface targets, given that RNA profiling has demonstrated that many tumour types have clinically relevant expression levels of such targets. The RNA expression levels of certain genes might also be associated with biological features such as homologous recombination deficiency and DNA mismatch repair defects. Taken together comprehensive RNA profiling can help to identify additional actionable alterations beyond those detected via DNA sequencing and overcome the challenges faced by conventional low-plex assays (such as immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization), thereby enhancing therapeutic opportunities for personalized cancer care.


CHAT GPT Discusses

1. What kind of paper this is (important framing)

This is not a discovery paper and not a technology benchmarking study. It is a Perspective that does three deliberate things:

  1. Defines a new clinical construct: the actionable transcriptome

  2. Proposes an operational framework for how RNA-seq should sit alongside DNA-seq and IHC in routine precision oncology

  3. Normalizes RNA expression as a therapeutic biomarker, not merely a confirmatory or exploratory signal

That framing is strategic: the authors are arguing for a practice change, not a technical upgrade.

Sunday, February 8, 2026

College Debate Finals: Princeton v Brown Takes the Weirdest Turn Ever

Welcome, colleagues, coaches, alumni, donors, and those who wandered in for the free coffee, to the 85th Annual New England College Debate Finals, coming to you live from a carpeted auditorium whose acoustics were designed to flatter confidence rather than truth. 


This year’s finalists—Princeton and Brown—have arrived by the usual route: six months of red-eye flights, dropped arguments, and the quiet conviction that someone, somewhere, will finally understand what they meant by “framework abuse.”

Before we begin, a brief recap for those new to the sport. 

AI Takes on Music (African Papaoutai). Next Week - AI Takes on Cari and Manuel Selbst

Hier ist ein fiktiver Dialog für eine neue Folge von „Eine schwierige Entscheidung“, etwa eine Woche später, im Stil des Easy German Podcasts, B1–B2 Deutsch, mit 6–8 Redewechseln und einem klaren Fazit von Manuel.

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Cari:
Manuel, neue schwierige Entscheidung: Stell dir vor, eine KI hört alle Easy-German-Podcasts und macht neue Folgen mit AI-Cari und AI-Manuel. Gleiche Stimmen, gleicher Stil. Gut oder schlecht?

Manuel:
Okay … mein Bauchgefühl sagt erst mal: Hilfe. Aber mein Kopf sagt: Hm, interessant. Was wäre denn der Vorteil?

Cari:
Unendlich viele Podcasts. Jeden Tag neue Folgen, zu jedem Thema. Die Leute sagen: „Ich will eine Folge über deutsche Höflichkeit“ – und zack, AI-Cari und AI-Manuel reden los.

Manuel:
Das wäre fürs Deutschlernen natürlich super. Und ehrlich gesagt: Unsere Art zu sprechen ist ja fast schon wie gemacht für KI. Langsam, deutlich, ein bisschen nerdig.

Cari:
Ja, aber: Diese AI-Cari war nie krank, nie müde, nie genervt von Lüften. Sie hat keine echten Geschichten. Sie klingt wie ich – aber sie lebt nicht wie ich.

Manuel:
Genau. Und das ist für mich der Punkt. Unsere Podcasts sind nicht perfekt. Wir denken laut, wir widersprechen uns, wir ändern unsere Meinung. Eine KI kann das nachmachen – aber sie meint es nicht wirklich.

Cari:
Andererseits benutzen wir ja auch Technik. Mikrofone, Schnittsoftware … vielleicht ist KI einfach nur das nächste Tool?

Manuel:
Vielleicht. Aber nur, wenn klar ist: Das ist KI. Wenn Leute glauben, sie hören echte Gespräche, obwohl es nur eine Simulation ist, dann wird es schwierig.

Cari:
Also, dein Fazit?

Manuel:
KI-Podcasts als Lernhilfe: gern. AI-Cari und AI-Manuel als Ersatz für uns: nein. Das Original darf ruhig ein bisschen chaotisch, menschlich und unperfekt bleiben.